Hubble Heritage Archive: Gomez’s Hamburger, IRAS 18059-3211

The text and images in this article were originally published on August 1, 2002, and reflect information about Gomez’s Hamburger available at that time.

HUBBLE ASTRONOMERS FEAST ON AN INTERSTELLAR HAMBURGER

Hold the pickles; hold the lettuce. Space is serving up giant hamburgers. NASA’s Hubble Space Telescope has snapped a photograph of a strange object that bears an uncanny resemblance to a hamburger. The object, nicknamed Gomez’s Hamburger, is a sun-like star nearing the end of its life. It already has expelled large amounts of gas and dust and is on its way to becoming a colorful, glowing planetary nebula.

The ingredients for the giant celestial hamburger are dust and light. The hamburger buns are light reflecting off dust and the patty is the dark band of dust in the middle. The Hubble Heritage image, taken Feb. 22, 2002, with the Wide Field Planetary Camera 2, shows the structure of Gomez’s Hamburger with high resolution, particularly the striking dark band of dust that cuts across the middle. The dark band is actually the shadow of a thick disk around the central star, which is seen edge-on from Earth. The star itself, with a surface temperature of approximately 18,000 degrees Fahrenheit (10,000 degrees Celsius), is hidden within this disk. However, light from the star does emerge in the directions perpendicular to the disk and illuminates dust above and below it.

The reason why the star is surrounded by a thick, dusty disk remains somewhat uncertain. It is possible that the central object is actually a pair of stars. If so, then the star that ejected the nebula may be rapidly rotating, expelling material mostly from its equatorial regions.

Stars with masses similar to our Sun’s end their lives as planetary nebulae. The star evolves to become a bloated red giant, with a girth about 100 times greater than its original diameter. Then it ejects its outer layers into space, exposing the star’s hot core. Ultraviolet radiation from the central core streams out into the surrounding ejected gas, causing it to glow. The glowing gas is called a planetary nebula. The Hubble Space Telescope has provided numerous spectacular images of planetary nebulae over the past several years, including the Ring Nebula and several others that have been released in the Hubble Heritage series.

Less well known are “proto-planetary nebulae,” objects like Gomez’s Hamburger that are in a state of evolution immediately before the true planetary-nebula stage. Just after the red giant expels its outer layers, the remnant star in the center is still relatively cool. Consequently, it emits ordinary visible light, but very little ultraviolet radiation. Therefore the surrounding gas does not glow. However, the ejected material also contains vast numbers of microscopic dust particles, which can reflect the starlight and make the material visible. This same effect of light scattering produces halos around streetlights on a foggy night. The lifetime of a proto-planetary nebula is very brief. In less than a thousand years, astronomers expect that the central star will become hot enough to make the dust particles evaporate, thus exposing the star to view. At that time the surrounding gas will glow. Gomez’s Hamburger will have become a beautiful, glowing planetary nebula.

Gomez’s Hamburger was discovered on sky photographs obtained by Arturo Gomez, an astronomer at the Cerro Tololo Inter-American Observatory in Chile. The photos suggested that there was a dark band across the object, but its exact structure was difficult to determine because of the atmospheric turbulence that hampers all images taken from the ground. Gomez’s Hamburger is located roughly 6,500 light-years away in the constellation Sagittarius.

Featured Image Credit: NASA and the Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
Acknowledgment: A. Gomez (CTIO/NOAO)

Fast Facts about Gomez’s Hamburger

About this Object

Object Name:	Gomez’s Hamburger IRAS 18059-3211
Object Description:	Proto-Planetary Nebula
Position (J2000):	R.A. 18h 09m 16s Dec. –32° 10‘ 45“
Constellation:	Sagittarius
Distance:	We estimate, very approximately, that the distance to Gomez’s Hamburger is about 2,000 parsecs (about 6,500 light-years).

About the Data

Instrument:	WFPC2
Exposure Date:	February 22, 2002
Exposure Time:	32 minutes
Filters:	F675W (R), F555W (V), F450W (B)
Principal Astronomers:	Hubble Heritage Team: K. Noll, H. Bond, C. Christian, L. Frattare, F. Hamilton, J. Lee, Z. Levay, P. Royle (STScI) A. Gomez (CTIO/NOAO)

About this Image

Image Credit:	NASA and The Hubble Heritage Team (STScI/AURA)
Release Date:	August 1, 2002

YOUNG or OLD?

Nature sometimes produces similar looking objects from different processes. Belos are examples of objects with similar appearances, but at very different stages of stellar evolution than Gomez’s Hamburger. The stars at the center of these nebulae in these images are cooler than the Sun and are in regions where new stars are being born. Thus these are almost certainly examples of a young star surrounded by a disk of material from which planets may form. They are at the beginning of their lifetime. These are in contrast to Gomez’s Hamburger – a nebula forming at the last stages of the central object’s lifetime.

This Wide Field and Planetary Camera 2 (WFPC2) image shows Herbig-Haro 30 (HH 30), the prototype of a young star surrounded by a thin, dark disk and emitting powerful gaseous jets. The disk extends 40 billion miles from left to right in the image, dividing the nebula in two. The central star is hidden from direct view, but its light reflects off the upper and lower surfaces of the disk to produce the pair of reddish nebulae. The gas jets are shown in green.
Credit: Chris Burrows (STScI), the WFPC2 Science Team and NASA

Haro 6-5B – This image of the young star Haro 6-5B shows two bright regions separated by a dark lane. As seen in the WFPC2 image of the same object, the bright regions represent starlight reflecting from the upper and lower surfaces of the disk, which is thicker at its edges than its center. However, the infrared view reveals the young star just above the dust lane.
Credit: D. Padgett (IPAC/Caltech), W. Brandner (IPAC), K. Stapelfeldt (JPL) and NASA

HK Tauri is the first example of a young binary star system with an edge-on disk around one member of the pair. The thin, dark disk is illuminated by the light of its hidden central star. The absence of jets indicates that the star is not actively accreting material from this disk. The disk diameter is 20 billion miles. The brighter primary star appears at top of the image.
Credit: Karl Stapelfeldt (JPL) and colleagues, and NASA